As scientists generally decide whether or not they would like to work on a paper, they are often assumed to be the primary nodes. The two sets of nodes are scientists and papers, and a scientist is linked to a paper if she or he is listed as an author. Another category of two-mode networks that has become popular in recent years is scientific collaboration networks (Newman, 2001). A woman would be linked to an event if she attended it. One of the first two-mode datasets to be analysed was the Davis’ Southern Women dataset (Davis et al., 1941), which recorded the attendance of a group of women (primary node set) to a series of events (secondary node set). A distinction is often made between the two node sets based on which set is considered more responsible for tie creation (primary or top node set) than the other (secondary or bottom node set). These networks are a particular kind, with two different sets of nodes, and ties existing only between nodes belonging to different sets. However, several networks are in fact two-mode networks (also known as affiliation or bipartite networks Borgatti and Everett, 1997 Latapy et al., 2008). Most networks are defined as one-mode networks with one set of nodes that are similar to each other. Network with two types of nodesNetworks are representations of systems in which the elements (or nodes) are connected by ties (Wasserman and Faust, 1994).
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